Saints


The Canonical Saints in Glory

Introduction


This page offers a panoramic view of the sanctity that has flourished among the myriad communities which embrace the canonical life.  The canonical family includes communities which belong to the Confederation of the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine, independent canonical orders, e.g. Premonstratensians (to go to a website with the biographies of the Premonstratensians saints, <click here>), and those canonical houses and congregations which have passed into history.  In addition to holy canons and canonesses, those saints who have supported the canonical life are also included. 

Though thorough, the list is not exhaustive. 

Each name highlighted in blue is a link to a biography which you may also find by simply scrolling down the page.

 

 

Promoters of the Canonical Life for Priests

 

Saints of the Canons Regular

 

Blesseds of the Canons Regular

Saints of the Canonesses

Blesseds of the Canonesses

Saint associated with the Canons

 

Blessed are all your saints, O God and King, who have traveled over the tempestuous sea of this life and have reached at last the harbor of peace.  Watch over us who are still on voyage.  Frail is our vessel and the ocean is wide, but as you have set our course, so steer the vessel of our life towards the everlasting shores of peace, and bring us at last to the quiet haven of our heart's desire, through Jesus Christ our Lord.

-- St. Augustine

 

 

Promoters of the Canonical Life for Priests


St. Eusebius of Vercelli
Born in Sardinia at the beginning of the 4th Century, he was born into the rapidly changing world of the late Roman Empire.  As he grew up he saw Christianity go from being an illegal religion to one tolerated, and then the official religion of the empire.  He became a priest of the Church of Rome and was chosen to be the first bishop of his home town of Vercelli.  He evangelized Sardinia and was the first in the West to promote the common life for clergy: he combined the observation of a monastic way of life with the distinctively clerical tasks of care for souls and celebration of the sacred liturgy.  Eusebius gave his priests the common life, which would later be called canons regular and spread throughout the Church.  The Emperor Constantius persecuted him for his loyalty to the Catholic faith and drove him into exile where he greatly suffered.  Returning to Sardinia, he worked tirelessly against the Arians for the restoration of the Catholic faith.  He died in 371.


St. Zeno of Verona
Born in Africa in the fourth century after the birth of Christ, Zeno received a good classical education and later went to Italy, where he became bishop of Verona in 362.  There he won many converts to the faith and helped to restore the Catholic faith to an area where Arianism had grown widespread.  Zeno often praised his people for their generosity towards the poor, which evidently was a response to his own example of evangelical poverty and generosity.  He took a great interest in the formation of priests and introduced a form of common life for his clergy that was similar to that which Eusebius had undertaken in Vercelli.  He died in 371.

 

St. Augustine
Augustine was born in 354 in Tagaste in the Roman province of North Africa.  After much spiritual wandering during his youth through philosophy and other religions, Augustine embraced the Catholic faith at the Easter Vigil in 387 when he was baptized by St. Ambrose.  He returned home and embraced the common life with some of his friends and companions.  In 395, after already having served as a priest for a number of years, he became the bishop of Hippo.  Shortly after his arrival he established the common life for himself and his clergy at the episcopal residence.  This common life remains to this day the model for the common life of the canons regular.  In addition, Augustine authored three rules for the common life and gave several important homilies on the subject.  These combined with his own example are foundational for the canonical order.  Augustine is rightly known for his numerous and important writings in which he explained the faith of the Church and ably defended that faith against the errors of his day.  He gave himself without reservation to his vocation as shepherd for the 34 years.  He held this apostolic office and served the faithful with tireless zeal, persuasive preaching and pastoral charity.  He died in 430 while the Vandals were besieging Hippo, leaving behind a legacy which continues to endure.


St. Alypius
   

 

A friend and teacher of St. Augustine, he led Augustine from the temptations of the world to the precious treasure of chastity and together they were baptized by St. Ambrose.  He followed Augustine back to North Africa and chose with him the "vita communis" or "common life."  He continued to live this way with his clergy when he became bishop of Tagaste.  Alypius rendered outstanding service to the Church in North Africa.  He died in 430, the same year as his dear friend St. Augustine.
 

 

 



St. Possidius
Student and companion of St. Augustine, he embraced the common life in Hippo.  Later he was named bishop of Calama where he immediately organized his own community of priests centered on the cathedral and the bishop's residence.  He zealously emulated the way of life of his teacher, St. Augustine, whose biography he authored.  He also published an index of St. Augustine's works and stood by his friend in every difficulty.  He was driven out of his see by the barbarian Vandals and died in exile.

 
St. Caesarius of Arles
Born into a senatorial family in 470 in Burgundy, Caesarius received a traditional, classical education.  He desired to become a priest and entered the monastery of Lerins at 18.  He found the life unsuitable and left for Arles, where his kinsman was the bishop.  Impressed by Caesarius' zeal, the bishop sent him to a nearby abbey where he was ordained and later became abbot.  Caesarius worried about the continuing pagan education of clergy and as he was entrusted with greater authority as abbot and then bishop, he was able to address this question.  He governed Arles for 40 years as bishop where he, among many other things, introduced the common life for his priests and gave them a rule under which to live.  He dedicated himself to the care of the faithful through the promulgation of a thorough and orderly liturgy and through his popular preaching which was widely diffused in written form.  He founded monasteries for men and women, presided over synods, including that of Orange in 529 and endured the political vagaries of his times.  He died in the 543.
 


St. Leander of Seville
Born to an Arian family, Leander's mother strongly embraced the Catholic faith during his childhood.  From this family came St. Isidore, St. Fulgentius and St. Florentina.  Leander governed Seville exceedingly well during difficult times.  Spain was a deeply divided by between Catholics and Arians, and Greeks, Romans and Goths.  Arians were still very strong and dangerous to the Church.  Leander went to the emperor in Constantinople seeking aid, and there he befriended St. Gregory who was the papal nuncio.  With the passing of the Arian king, Leander returned to Seville.  He and the new king, a Catholic, worked vigorously for the promotion of the Catholic faith.  Leander succeeded by force of his arguments in persuading many Arian bishops to embrace the Catholic faith and he evangelized the Suevi, the people in Galicia.  In his diocese he promoted the common life for his clergy and composed his own rule for the monastic life.  He died around 600. 


St. Gregory the Great
Born to an influential and wealthy aristocratic family, Gregory received an excellent education and served as administrator of Rome for two terms.  With the death of his father, he donated his inheritance to the Church, founding seven monasteries in Sicily and Italy, including one in Rome.  This was St. Andrew's, which he entered.  He spent only a few quite years in the monastery before the Pope put this extraordinary man to work in the service of the Church as a skilled diplomat and negotiator.  He spent a considerable amount of time in Constantinople, representing the pope to the emperor.  When he returned to Rome in 585 or 586, he became abbot of St. Andrew's and continued to serve a papal advisor. 

With the death of Pope Pelagius II in 590, Gregory was elected to be the new pope.  Gregory was a man of action, both in the world as well as in the spirit.  He provided food for famine victims and made peace treaties to alleviate the misery of the faithful.  He vastly improved the administration of the Church and her internal discipline, attended to the liturgy, introduced chant to the Roman rite and sent missionaries to England.  He also took great interest in the holiness of priests and promoted the common life for clergy.  He died in 604 after a remarkable life as one of the greatest popes ever to serve God and the Church.


St. Isidore of Seville
The son of a important Romano-Spanish aristocratic family that includes St. Leander, St. Fulgentius and St. Florentina, he received an excellent literary education in one of the cathedral schools that flourished in Spain at this time.  He became bishop of Seville, succeeding his older brother, St. Leander in 600.  He was a brilliant administrator and scholar who governed his diocese well and guided the Church in Spain through his skill and reasoning.  Like other bishops of his time, he saw the wisdom of giving his clergy the common life.  He died in 636.


St. Boniface
Born in Devon in the southwest corner of England, this English monk led one of the most important missionary efforts in the history of the Church.  Less well known are his efforts to revitalize the Church in the Frankish lands.  Though a successful teacher, monk and priest in England, he felt a calling to the missions.  His abbot reluctantly consented and he left for the Netherlands.  Unsuccessful there, he went to Rome to receive a direct commission from the Holy Father for his work in Germany.  He conducted numerous missions in central and southern Germany which led to numerous conversions and new monastic foundations.  His success in the missions gave him the authority to reform the Church in the Frankish territories.  He presided over five synods whose goals included the reform of the clergy and their way of life.  Chrodegang, who succeeded Boniface as bishop of Metz, continued and extended his reforms.  Boniface returned to the missions in the Netherlands, where he was martyred in 754.


St. Chrodegang
Born in Belgium, Chrodegang dedicated himself from his youth to his spiritual and scholarly formation in the monastery of St. Trond.  At the court of the Frankish prince Charles Martel, Chrodegang was entrusted with the post of chancellor.  He succeeded St. Boniface as bishop of Metz, where he worked with such zeal that he was called "the pride of the episcopate."  He continued the reforms begun by St. Boniface and gave the canons of his cathedral a rule for the common life, which was based on the Rule of St. Augustine.  Many other bishops adopted Chrodegang's rule and others were subsequently based upon it.  A powerful defender of the rights of the Church, he erected many churches and participated in a number of synods.  His personal life was marked by simplicity and a deep love for the poor.  He died in 766.


St. Peter Damian
Born in 1007 in some of the darkest days of the Church, he grew up in poverty and difficulties in Ravenna.  His eldest brother sent him to school elsewhere, where he flourished in learning and sanctity.  He joined St. Romuald in his new Benedictine at Fonte Avellana, whose goal it was to reform monastic life.  In 1043 he was elected to be the head of this new Benedictine movement. 

His personal holiness and reforming zeal led Pope Stephen IX to name him cardinal-bishop of Ostia in 1057.  Peter carried out numerous importance missions for the papacy and played an important role in promoting the reform of the liturgy and the life of the clergy.  He, along with his fellow monk, St. Gregory VII, were strong proponents of the common life for clerics and he worked diligently to spread the canonical life to encompass the entire clergy.  Peter died in 1072, but his influence on the Church is easy to observe through the flourishing of the monastic and canonical life in the 12th Century.


St. Gregory VII
Aldobrand was born around 1028 in Tuscany.  He was brought up in Rome and there he became a monk.  He rendered spectacular service to the papacy through his many successful negotiations and litigations.  He strove mightily to reform the Church and was especially interested in promoting the ancient institution of the canon as a means of giving the clergy of his time a way of life that would strengthen them and give them greater impetus to sanctity.  Aldobrand made an important speech at the First Lateran Council in 1059 that called for the universal extension of the common life to all priests.  Though this radical innovation was not adopted, the council did commend the canonical life and encouraged priests to embrace it. 

Aldobrand was elected pope in 1073 in the Basilica Eudoxiana (San Pietro in Vicolo which the Lateran Canons, the most venerable congregation of canons regular, serves today).  As Pope he was able to push ahead even more powerfully with the work of reform.  Above all he struggled against Emperor Henry IV in the Investiture controversies.  What was at stake was nothing less that the right of the Church to carry out Her God-given mission.  Gregory paid for his stalwart defense of the rights of the Church with exile.  He died in exile in Salerno in 1085.
 


St. Hugh of Grenoble

 This holy bishop grew up in a devout family and as a young man was drawn into the service of the Church, even as a layman.  His reputation for holiness and learning led to his election as bishop of Grenoble in 1080, even while he was still a layman!  He was consecrated a bishop in Rome by St. Gregory VII and became a stronger supporter of his reform program.

Upon his return to Grenoble, he initiated an ambitious reform for his diocese.  After two years he became despondent at his lack of success and decided to leave the diocese to someone else and enter a monastery.  The pope ordered him back to his diocese, which he obediently did.  Several times he petitioned to be releases, but the pope would have none of it.

In addition to establishing houses of canons regular in his diocese, he was able to secure the regularization of St. Maurice d'Agaunum by persuading the duke of Savoy to relinquish his control over the abbey.  In this act we can see the two principal goals of the Gregorian reform: promotion of holiness for clergy and the end of lay investiture. 

Hugh was a holy bishop who undertook numerous good works and was a important support of St. Bruno and the Carthusians, with whom he died in 1132.


St. Malachy (Mael Maedoc Ua Morgair)
Born at a low point in the life of the Church in Ireland, Malachy from the age of 25 was ordained priest and commissioned by St. Celsus, archbishop of Armagh, to reform the Church.  He reformed the great abbey of Bangor in County Down, which was destroyed just a few years later.  Then at the age of 29 became bishop of Conor (1124-48).  He  reformed the faithful and clergy alike, introducing the common life and canonical observances for the cathedral chapter at Down Clogher.  Most likely it was the rule of the Canons Regular of Arrouaise that he instituted.  He later became Archbishop of Armagh (1132-36), but he could not govern the diocese effectively for a number of years while a relative of St. Celsus claimed the see as a family patrimony.  Once this ugliness was settled, Malachy divided the diocese in two and he settled with the community of canons regular he founded at either Downpatrick or the ruins of Bangor abbey.  He reorganized the administration of the Church in Ireland and promoted the sanctity of clergy and faithful alike.  With his encouragement, the canons regular founded many communities in Ireland in the 12th Century.  A great friend of St. Bernard, he died there during his third visit to Clairvaux in 1148.


St. Eystein Erlendsson
The second archbishop of Nidaros, which is now called Trondheim, bore the name Augustine in Norwegian.  As a young man,  he studied at the prestigious school of the Canons Regular of St. Victor in Paris.  In 1154, Cardinal Nicholas Breakspeare, a Canon Regular of the Congregation of St. Ruf and future Pope Adrian IV, completed his mission to reorganize the Church in Scandinavia.  In 1157 Eystein became the second archbishop of the newly founded metropolitan archdiocese of Nidaros, whose jurisdiction extended throughout the far-flung Norwegian empire of his day.

The twin goals of independence and clerical reform were enthusiastically embraced by this saint.  He diligently protected Church's independence from the control of the king and the nobility and worked to draw his church closer to the Holy See.  He encouraged the spread of the canonical life throughout his diocese through the establishment of houses for clergy and indeed many of the canons of the cathedral were also regular canons.  He came into open conflict with the king in 1181, which led to his exile in England until his return and reconciliation in 1183.  He died in 1188 and was declared a saint by the bishops of Norway in 1229.

 

Saints of the Canons Regular

  
St. Israel
The ancient Benedictine abbey of Le Dorat in France was destroyed by the Normans in 866 and rebuilt in 944 by Bosone the Elder.  The Count invited the canons to take over the abbey.  These were the canons who lived by the Rule of Aachen, which had been so important in reforming the lives of canons in the 9th and 10th Century.  Israel, a famous poet and choirmaster of Le Dorat, was invited by Iduino, the bishop of Limoges, to teach in his episcopal school and become a priest and vicar general.  Israel’s lively charity was in evidence during the epidemic of 989-990 and his wise counsel influenced none other than King Robert the Pious. The Archbishop of Rheims, Gilbert, who became Pope Sylvester II (999-1103), made Israel provost of the canonry of St. Julien. He died in 1014.
 


St. Walter of L'Esterps
Born around 990 in Aquitaine, he entered the abbey of Le Dorat and became an canon living under the Rule of Aachen.    He left the community over a dispute with the abbot and returned to his home town of Confelons.  However his good reputation led the canons of L'Esterps to choose him as their new provost.  He fulfilled his canonical vocation in an exemplary manner manifesting charity towards all, especially the poor.  He died on May 11, 1070.
 


St. Theobold
Theobold came from humble origins in the province of Limoges and was educated in Perigueux, both in France.  He joined the abbey of Le Dorat, where he became a canon.  However, though he began the studies for the priesthood, evidently he never finished them and thus never became a priest.  He would spend the entire day in the church in prayer and would only come out to visit the sick and perform other similar works of mercy. On account of his attachment to the church, he was made custodian and sacristan of the church. He spent entire nights in vigils of prayer and penances in his beloved church.  He died a holy death on November 6, 1070.


St. Peter of Pebrac
Born at the beginning of the 11th Century in Langeac, France and given a first rate education in the liberal arts, he was ordained a priest and entrusted with the task of preaching.  He was later admitted to the Canonical Order and returned to his home town in 1058.  The first Lateran Synod had just been held a year earlier at which St. Gregory VII, not yet pope but an influential reformer, promoted the regularization of the clergy.  The Synod Fathers agreed to promote this way of life by approbation, not legislation.  Peter and his companions were among many canons, living under earlier rules, such as the ones from the Synod of Aachen in 816, to embrace this reform movement.  In 1060 he and the other canons of Pebrac became Augustinian Canons, adopting the Rule of St. Augustine and giving up private property   Called to lead this community, he was a model for all his fellow canons in his observance and pastoral duties.  Moreover thanks to his excellent leadership, the bishop and local nobles generously patronized the canons.  He died around 1080.

St. Bernhard of Mont Joux
A canon of Aosta, he was quite strict with himself so as to make possible the arduous work of preaching the Gospel throughout the Alpine region.  At the Alpine mountain pass of Mt. Jupiter, he re-founded an abandoned hospice for travelers and a church dedicated to St. Nicholas.  He organized a community of canons to live there, celebrate the Divine Office and carry out a special service of love of neighbor by offering travelers a safe and warm place to rest during their journey over the mountains.  This community is today called the Congregation of SS. Nicholas and Bernard of Mont Joux.  As a a tireless preacher of the Word of God he lived.  He died at Novara in 1081.

 

 

 

St. Altmann
Born in Aachen, in Westphalia in 1020, he would later go onto become one of the most important reforms of the 11th Century.  He became the bishop of Passau in 1065 and at great person cost remained faithful to the Pope throughout the Investiture controversies.  His great significance lies in the fact that he was an energetic promoter of the common life for the clergy.  He founded the Canons Regular of St. Nikolaus in Passau between 1067 and 1073, from which numerous canonries were subsequently founded, including St. Florian, Gottweig, St. Polten and the highly influential Stift Rottenbuch, which undertook the reform of other communities and founded others throughout Germany.  In 1300, there were some 200 canories!  Altmann died in 1091 in Zeiselmauer in Austria, exiled by the Emperor as a result of his stalwart loyalty to the Holy Father during Investiture Controversies and is buried in Stift Gottweig, which today is a Benedictine monastery.  He legacy of loyalty to the papacy and promotion of the canonical life continued in St. Leopold, Margrave of Austria, who introduced the canons regular to Stift Klosterneuburg in 1133.

 


St. Ivo (Ive)
Born at Auteuil in France, he received a good education first in Paris and then an outstanding one in the abbey of Le Bec in Normandy.  He then went to Beauvais where the bishop gave him the mandate to regularize the collegiate church of St. Quentin from which sprung the Canons Regular of St. Quentin.  Ivo himself taught sacred theology to his seminarians, who not only received an excellent formation as canons regular, but also were highly sought after for their scholarly achievements as well.  On account of his leadership and his well-crafted statues, Ivo rose to be the most important reformer of the canons regular in France.  Chosen to be bishop of Chartres in 1090, he carried out his vocation with great zeal for the pastoral care of his people and stood tenaciously by the Holy See and Church.  He published homilies and letters and organized canon law in a systematic manner.  He died in 1116.

 

 

 


St. Raymund
Born at Durban, near Coserans, in France, he entered the canon regulars at the cathedral of Pamiers.  He served as Bishop of two newly erected dioceses, Roda and Barbastro, beginning in 1104.  These were not new dioceses per se, but rather recently liberated from Moorish control.  He died on June 21, 1126 and is patron of the city and diocese of Barbastro.



St. Gerhard (Gerald)
Born in Pusssalicon in France, he was educated in the liberal arts and entered the canonry of St. Mary of Cassian, near Bezeirs.  After his priestly ordination, he offered his fellow canons such as outstanding example that they elected him prior.  Under his direction, the community built a new church, a residence and a hospice.  Selected to the be the bishop of Beziers, he served in this capacity in an impeccable and honorable manner.  He died in 1123.

 

 


St. Bertrand

Born in the middle of the 11th century in L'Isle-Jourdain, he undertook a military career before he was finally ordained to the priesthood.  Shortly thereafter he became a canon of the cathedral of Toulouse and was appointed archdeacon.  At the cathedral he embraced the canonical life, which had flourished there since bishop Isarnus had introduced it.  In 1083 he became bishop of Comminges, which was in need of the reform program of Pope Gregory VII.  Once there he rebuilt the long abandoned cathedral and founded a new community of canons regular, who offered the Divine Office and the Holy Eucharist in the cathedral.  He died in 1123.  Due to the deep faith of the people and their gratitude for the favors they received through this saint, they renamed their town "St. Bertrand of Comminges."

 


St. Norbert
The founder of the Canons Regular of Premontre was born in the duchy of Cleves around the year 1080.  The son of a aristocratic family, he became a canon of Xanten, when he accepted ordination to the sub-diaconate.  This was a career plan and not a vocation for Norbert.  However, as Norbert's life demonstrates, one may enter the service of God with less than honorable intentions and still, on account of grace, become a saint. 

Norbert did indeed later undergo an interior conversion that led him to spend three years as a penitent, living near the Benedictine abbey of Siegburg and the canons of Klosterrath, who were part of the Rottenbuch reform.  From there he went to Cologne, where the archbishop ordained him as an itinerant preacher.  The bishop of Laon encouraged Norbert and some of his companions to take up the Rule of St. Augustine and establish a community in Premontre, after which the Premonstratensians are named.  Norbert became the archbishop of Magdeburg in 1126 where he both reformed his diocese and promoted missions to neighboring pagan nations.  He died in 1134.

St. Norbert was only canonized in 1582.  This is the result of a decision made by the canons not to promote the causes of their members.  This came about partly as a rejection of the actions of the monks of Cluny, who strongly promoted the canonization of their members.  In fact it is important to note moreover that for a long time St. Norbert was not even considered the founder of the Premonstratensians, but rather a reformer of the canons, like St. Augustine.  St. Norbert's centrality has emerged in recent centuries.  Earlier he was easily overshadowed by St. Augustine.


St. Ollegarus
Born in 1060 in Barcelona, Catalonia, he was received into the canons regular as a young man.  Actually he was given to the canons by his parents, who endowed the community with property, as a Puer.  This was a typical practice of the time whereby boys were raised by religious communities and later joined them.  At the age of 15 he became provost, though was in no sense obliged to be a canons.  But Ollegarusius was a young man of integrity and accepted his appointment with zeal and humility.  He therefore embraced the priesthood and the canonical life. 

After his priestly ordination he became the next provost of the monastery of St. Adrien in neighboring France, where the bishop of Bareclona had recently introduced canons regular.  A few year later he was elected to lead the Canons Regular of St. Ruf  as abbot of St. Ruf.  He governed with prudence and holiness and found joy in his life.  However, upon a visit to Barcelona he learned of Count Raymund's plan to appoint him as the next bishop in that city.  He fled to St. Ruf, but was not able to resist the will of the Holy Father.

Though reluctant, he undertook his new office as bishop in Barcelona and administrator of the diocese of Tarragona with enthusiasm.  In this office he restored church discipline or strengthened it.  He aided the poor and settled disputes, bringing peace and harmony.  In the Pierleone schism he remained a firm supporter of the Pope.  Exhausted by his numberless troubles, he finally found rest in the Lord in 1137 when he died in Barcelona.

 


St. Gaucherius
Born in Meulan-sur-Seine to the northwest of Paris, he received a classical education and became a priest.  However he felt a deep longing for solitude and a life more radically centered on God.  He thereupon devoted his life God as a hermit and began with his friend, Germond, to reside in the area of Limoges.  Alone and forgotten by the world, Gaucherius and Germond grew in holiness.  Their example attracted others who built hermitages near to theirs.  Finally Gaucherius decided to build a monastery at Aureil and to establish two communities, one for men, the other for women, both under the rule of St. Augustine.  The passage of an eremitical settlement into the canonical life was one of the principal ways through which the canons regular grew in the 11th and 12th Century.  The community of Aureil is typical of these kinds of Ordo Novus canons regular.  Thereafter he lived with his companions, being for all a model of sanctity.  His companions and disciples include St. Lambert of Angouleme and St. Faucherus as well as the founder of Grandmont monastery, St. Stephen Muret.  He died 80 years old in 1140 and was canonized in 1194.


St. Kjeld (Kettil)
Born into a renowned Danish family in the Jutland peninsula and schooled in the liberal arts, Kjeld sought to dedicate his life to God.  Bishop Eskill of Wiborg invited him to his diocese where he became a priest and entered the canonical order.  Not only was he was given the task of running the cathedral school, where he exerted a great influence, but he also served simultaneously as provost of the chapter where he strove to bring about peace among its leading members.  He also vigorously promoted the evangelization of the Wends, among whom St. Vicelinus and his disciple were likewise working.  He died in 1150.


St. Vicelin (Wissel, Witzel, Vizelin)
Around 1090 Vicelinus was born in Hameln, northern Germany to an aristocratic family.  His parents died while he was still a boy and he was raised by Oheim Ludolf, a priest in a neighboring village.  Later he worked as a teacher in Paderborn and then at the cathedral school in Bremen for four years.  In 1122 he traveled to Laon in France, attracted by the prospects of studying the cutting edge theology of Peter Abelard and the biblical interpretation of Anselm and Radulph.  Laon however was not only home to new ideas, but also to a community to an influential refromers, the Canons Regular of Premontre, founded by St. Norbert.

Evidently the influence of the Premonstratensians proved stronger than that of the new ideas because upon completing his scholarly sojourn to France in 1126, Vicelinus decided to travel to Madgeburg, in order to see St. Norbert, who at that time was the archbishop.  He hoped that St. Norbert would ordain him a priest and he could begin missionary work among the Slavs.  For one reason or another this plan failed and so Vicelinus returned to Bremen, where Bishop Albero ordained him.  Thereupon he and two other canons, Rudolph of Hildesheim and Ludolph of Verden, were sent to evangelize the Wends, a Slavic people living alone the Baltic coast of Germany.

Political instability delayed their mission initially, but before long he founded an Augustinian canonry at the new cathedral of Neumόnster in 1127.  After much hard work and many set backs, Vicelinus was able to found a second canonry at Segeberg in 1134.  This canonry was right on the border between the Wends and Germans.  From there he was able to undertake three years of preaching missions. 

As tensions mounted between the Wends and the Germans, especially with appearance of colonists from Saxony and the Netherlands, violence broke out, ending with the defeat of the Wends.  The victorious Germans imposed Christianity on the Wends as one of the terms for peace.  However, Vicelinus refused to use forced conversions and he continued to work hard to convert the Wends through holiness of life and preaching.  His example led the canons to likewise evangelize by word and example.  Bl. Volker of Segeberg († martyr 1132) and Bl. Dietmar of Neumόnster († 1152) are a testimony to the holy example that Vicelinus gave to his fellow canons.

As a result of the victory over the Wends and the successful mission, three diocese were refounded (Oldenburg, Mecklenburg and Ratzenburg) and Vicelinus became bishop of Oldenburg in 1150.  He did not remain long, but returned to Neumόnster, the diocese he founded and died there in 1154.

 


St. Guarinus (or Quarinus)
Around 1080 in Bologna Guarinus was born to noble parents.  He became -- against the wishes of his parents -- a cleric as a young man.  His yearning for a life of perfection led him to abandon the secular priest in favor of that of canon regular.  He thereupon entered the Canons Regular of the Holy Cross at Mortara.  As a result of his exemplary life as a canon, he was chosen to be bishop of Pavia.  However he had no desire to accept that office.  So he hid himself until another was chosen for that office.  A second time this happen and he likewise escaped the episcopate only to be named cardinal-archbishop of Palestrina by Pope Lucius II, a fellow Bolognian.  His new position brought him great wealth, which he proceeded to distribute to the poor.  His charity made him even more renown and when he died in 1159, he was a much loved by his priests and people alike.

 

 

 

 
St. Ubald
Ubaldo Ballassini was born in Gubbio, Umbria, sometime between 1080 and 1085 to an aristocratic family of German ancestry.  Orphaned as a child, he studied first at the collegiate church of St. Secundus at Fano and then at the cathedral school of Gubbio, where he lived with his uncle, a canon of San Mariano.  However, the common life of the cathedral chapter of canons had fallen into poor state and Ubald wished to return to St. Secundus to pursue his vocation.

However, the new bishop of Gubbio, Giovanni di Lodi, who had been the abbot of Fonte Avellana, a community deeply imbued with the spirit of St. Peter Damian and his call for the primitive apostolic life, had other plans for this young man.  So Ubald instead joined the cathedral chapter of Gubbio in 1105.  He was ordained priest in 1114 and by 1117 held to office of prior.  In 1119  he traveled to Ravenna to get to know the rule of the Canons Regular of Santa Maria in Portu.  Upon his return, he successfully and definitively reformed the chapter between 1120-1122.  It was not an easy task, but with courage and tenacity he triumphed. 

A devastating fire in Gubbio in 1125 left much of the city in ruins.  It fell to Ubald to rebuild the cathedral, the abbey and the hospice.  While he was engaged in these activities, the inhabitants of Perugia elected him to be their bishop.  However, he had no desire to become a bishop.  Therefore he sought and obtained papal approval to refuse this honor.  Nevertheless he was not able to avoid this cause for long.  With the death of Bishop Stefano of Gubbio, he was obliged to become bishop.  He governed for the next 31 years, facing numerous challenges with courage and mildness.   As bishop, he remained completely faithful to his way of life as a canon regular.  He died on May 16, 1160, was buried in the cathedral and named co-patron of Gubbio.  



St. John of Chantillon
This saint from Brittany was born around 1098 in Chatillon to a family of modest means.  Sometimes known as St. John de Craticula (of the gate), he is often confused with his contemporary, a Cistercian of the same name.  John became the bishop of Aleth, whereupon he relocated the seat of the diocese to the island of Aaron, a growing seaport, and renamed the diocese St. Malo.  Besides being a bishop, he was the abbot of the canons regular at the monastery of the Holy Cross in Guingamp.  When he attempted to introduce canons regular to the cathedral, he was strongly opposed by the monks, who had long served there.  This led to years of litigation and even appeals to St. Bernard of Clairvaux and the Holy Father for a resolution.  Through these trials, he remained a man of exemplary holiness and charity for which he was praised by his opponents.  St. John represents well the bishops of his day, who sought to reinvigorate the Church in the 12th Century through the reform of the clergy and religious life. 

He died on February 1, 1163. 


St. Theotonius
Born in Ganfey, Portugal, he was brought up with devotion, educated by the clergy including his uncle, Cresconius, the bishop of Coimbra and became a priest.  He was a renowned preacher, attracting the attention of not only his town but the king and queen as well.  He was deeply devoted to the holy souls in Purgatory for which he would say Mass every Friday followed by a procession to the cemetery.  Alms were collected as part of this weekly work of mercy and they were distributed to the poor.  A courageous preacher, he once preached a homily against the immorality of cohabitation in the presence of the widowed queen and the count with whom she was living.  On another occasion when the same queen told him to shorten the Mass, he replied that the Mass is offered for a sovereign greater than she.  Therefore she could stay or go, but the length of the Mass would remain unchanged.  Happily the queen eventually repented of her sin. 

On account of his burning desire to see the holy city of Jerusalem, he twice made the arduous pilgrimage.  Upon his return from his second pilgrim he helped to found the Canons Regular of the Holy Cross in Coimbra and served as the first prior.  Under his leadership the canons were known for the reverent and careful celebration of the Divine Office.  St. Theotonius was also held is high regard by King Alphonsus Henriques, who credited his prayers for the liberation of Portugal from the Moors.  In return, St. Thoetonius secured the freedom of the Mozarabic Christians whom the King held as prisoners.   St. Bernard of Clairvaux revered this holy canon greatly.  When he died at the age of 80 in 1166, he was thirty years a canon regular and had finished his time as abbot of the monastery of the Holy Cross.

 


St. Lawrence O'Toole (Lorcan Ua Tuathail)
Like St. Malachy before him, St. Lawrence is one of the leading figures in the spread of the canons regular in Ireland.  From a prominent Irish family in Leinster, he spent most of his childhood as a hostage to a rival family, the MacMurroughs.  After two years as a hostage, he went to live in the household of the Archbishop of Glendalough.  When he father arrived to bring him home, he informed him of his decision to enter religious life, which he then did at the ancient monastic settlement at Glendalough.  At the age of 25 he was elected abbot.  Not only did he govern the community well despite much internal opposition to his reform program, but he also relieved a famine that afflicted the region and dealt effectively with bandits.

In 1161, the 33 year abbot became the Archbishop of Dublin.  His first priority was the reform of the clergy and one of his first acts was to don the canonical habit and lived the common life with the canons of his cathedral to the fullest extent possible.  He chose the rule from the Canons Regular of Arrouaise, which at that time enjoyed widespread adherence in Ireland.  He was a model bishop, combining love for the poor with the solemn and dignified offering of the liturgy.  Though an excellent administer, he was a tireless preacher, an office he valued as a bishop and was known to be approached to all.

Beginning in 1170 Lawrence served frequently as a mediator between the Irish princes and the Anglo-Norman invaders.  The opportunity for this invasion was presented by the same man who had taken the saint as a hostage as a boy, the chieftain Dermot MacMurrough.  The routing of the Irish army and the subjugation of Ireland to the Anglo-Normans meant further challenges for this gift man.  In 1175 Lawrence was instrument in brokering a peace between the Irish and English kings.  He took this chance to visit St. Thomas a Becket at Canterbury, where he survived an assassination attempt just as he was preparing to offer Mass.  He successfully interceded for the life of his would-be assassin and the Henry II spared him.

After he returned from the Third Lateran Council in 1179, he convoked the synod of Clonfert to deal with numerous abuses in the Church in Ireland, problems which St. Malachy had faced some fifty year earlier.  Lawrence exercised the new authority given to him by the Holy Father, much to the irritation of Henry II, who feared another Thomas a Becket might be in the offing.  Lawrence, on another diplomatic mission for the Irish King, followed Henry to Normandy, where his health finally gave out and he died on November 14, 1180. 

 


St. Gilbert
Gilbert was born in Sempringham, England to a Norman father and an English mother.  Showing little in following his father in his military career, he was sent to the Continent to receive an education and returned to England thereafter to dedicate himself to the education of youth.  He did this for a number of years as a layman.  He impressed the bishop of Lincoln and was eventually ordained.  After he priestly ordination, he founded a community in 1130 in place of his birth.  It was a double cloister in which the nuns lived according to the Rule of St. Benedict, the lay brothers according to the Statutes of the Cistercians and the canons according to the Rule of St. Augustine.  The mission of the canons was primarily the pastoral care of the nuns and lay brothers. 

In 1147 Gilbert traveled to Citeaux, hoping to join his community to the Cistercians.  He was refused.  Rather Eugene III approved his constitutions and sent him back to England to lead his community.  These religious, who later became the Gilbertines, were at one time found all over England.  Besides these double cloisters, Gilbert also founded solitary foundations of canons regular, to which he himself continued to belong.  Gilbert found himself in some trouble for supporting St. Thomas a Beckett against the king.  Thereafter he endured the accusations of two lay brothers who defamed him and accused him of mismanagement.  After the resolution of this crisis, Gilbert was left to spend his remains years in peace, visiting the houses of his flourishing order.  He was friends with St. Bernard of Clairvaux and was renowned for his humility, prudence, zealous observance and love of the poor.  When he died on February 4, 1189, he was over 100 years old!


St. Thorlak Thorhallson
Thorlak was born in Iceland in 1133 and became a priest at a young age.  On thereafter did he spend ten years abroad at Paris and Lincoln studying theology.  After his return to Iceland in 1161, he introduced the canons to his homeland and established the first canonry at Thykkviboer.  He served first as prior and then abbot.  In 1178 he was consecrated bishop of Skalholt, but he continued to live as a canon.  He was a fierce combatant and struggled mightily for the reform of the clergy, the independence of the Church and the solemnity of the marriage bond.  Through his great efforts Thorlak built up the Church in Iceland.  He died on December 23, 1193 and Pope John Paul named him patron of Iceland in 1984.



St. Meinard
Born in 1130, he entered the canonry of Segeberg in Holstein, which St. Vincelinus had founded to evangelize the Slavs of northern Germany.  After the success of this mission, Meinard went across the Baltic Sea to evangelize the still largely pagan people in Livonia, i.e. modern day Latvia.  Brought there by Lόbeck fur merchants, he chose Iskile to settle, a place not far from Riga, which in those days was the capital of Lithuania.  He built a church dedicated to Our Lady and a fort to protect the local people from slave traders.  His missions produced many conversions and much success.  Therefore in 1186 the archbishop of Bremen, Hartwig, ordained him and he became the first bishop of Livonia at Ikskile.  Unlike others, he never resorted to means of coercion to promote the faith and he showed great patience in adversity.  He died in 1196 in Iskile. 

Shortly thereafter the pagans attacked the Christians and destroyed much of the Church that Meinard had cultivated.  As a result of this conflict, the diocese was transfered to Riga by Albert of Buxhφvden and the saint's relics were transferred to the new see.  While veneration of this saint declined with the rise of Lutheranism in the 16th Century, it has returned in recent times.  In 1993 Pope John Paul approved of the veneration of this 12th Century missionary.


St. William Tempier
As a young man Willian entered the Augustinian canons where he practiced the life of virtue such that he was called to lead the canonry of St. Hilary in Poitiers,  At the request of the clergy and people alike he was chosen to be the bishop of Poitiers in 1184.  He shepherded his flock by his powerful word and stirring example and strove to defend the rights of the Church which were under frequent attack.  He died on March 29, 1197.


 St. William
William was born in Paris and educated by the monks of Saint-Germain-des-Pres.  From there he was received by the chapter of secular canons of St. Genevieve.  This was already a venerable college of canons, having been founded by King Clovis and St. Choltide in the 6th Century!  But it had grown decadent and in great need of reform.  Indeed the canons were so hostile to William and his disciplined way of life that he had to leave the canonry and relocate to Epinay, outside of Paris.  Providentially Pope Eugene III visited the abbey in 1148, discovering its poor state.  So the reform of St. Genevieve was entrusted to the Canons Regular of St. Victor, who were a relatively new canonical house on the outskirts of Paris, being founded only a few decades earlier.  The prior of St. Victor, Odo, came to St. Genevieve and William returned to the community as sub-prior.  Together they overcame their opposition and won the community over to the reform.

Shortly thereafter, Bishop Absalon of Roskild, who had been a student at St. Genevieve, called William to Denmark to reform the abbey of Ebbelholt on the island of Eskilso.  William accepted this difficult task and became abbot.  There was great resistance to William, but he was prepare to meet it.  For thirty years William overcame every obstacle in order to achieve his goal.  He relied on prayer and mortification as well as his experience to succeed, which he did brilliantly.  Thanks to his efforts, Ebbelholt was reformed and another house of canons was founded.  He died in 1203, but the fraternal relations forged between St. Genevieve and these Danish foundations endured for generations to come.


St. Albert of Jerusalem
As a young man he joined the Canons Regular of the Holy Cross of Mortara, where St. Guarinus entered the order a few generations earlier.  After his priestly ordination, he was elected prior of the community.  Later he became the bishop of Bobbio briefly and then Vercelli for 20 years, where the earliest known community of canons was founded by St. Eusebius. During his reign he undertook many important missions for the papacy as well as wisely and effectively governing his diocese.  Consequently Innocent III honored Albert with a challenging new assignment: to serve as the Patriarchate of Jerusalem.  Albert was well suited for the task. 

Drawing upon talents and diplomatic skill, he successfully navigated the complex and tangled web of Palestinian politics and the various interests that intersected there. Though in title he was the Patriarch of Jerusalem, he never made it to the city of Jerusalem, which remained under Muslim rule.  Rather he resided in Acre from which he carried out his wide ranging activities including the exchanges of prisoners between Christians and Muslims and the composition of the Carmelite rule, which is used to this day.  Albert's death was a violent one in a land marred by violence.  The Master of the Hospital of the Holy Spirit, whom he had reproached for his iniquitous life style, murdered him on September 14, 1214.

 

 


 St. Aldobrand (or Hildebrand)
Born near Cesena in Emilia, Italy, he studied under the Canons  Regular of Santa Maria di Portu near Ravenna, who in those days were teaching the seven liberal arts.  Attracted to the canonical life, he entered the order there and became a priest.  He then went to Rimini to serve as provost.  Admired by the faithful for his genuine and persuasive preaching, he never feared to address the sins and injustices of his day.  In 1169 he was made bishop of Fossombrone, where he encouraged the faithful through his example and life of devotion as well as his articulate teaching of the deposit of faith.  Mild and generous to others, he was hard and strict with himself.  He died in 1219.


St. Fulk
Born in Piacenza around 1164 to a family originally from Ireland, which is the meaning of his family name “Scotti” or “Scotus,” nothing is known of his birth or childhood.  In 1186 he entered the canons regular at the parish of St. Euphemia, which much later in 1491 joined the Renana Congregation.  Thereafter was sent to Paris to pursue the study of sacred theology.  In 1194 he was obliged to return to Piacenza to take up the office of provost of St. Euphemia.  Bishop Grimerius (1199-1210) depended a great deal on Fulk’s assistance and entrusted him with the responsibility of giving the opening discourse at the synod of 1207.  The next year Fulk was made a canon of the cathedral and archpriest.  He was also appointed lecturer of sacred theology at the seminary in Piacenza.

After the Bishop died, Fulk was elected his successor, but his election was never confirmed by Pope Innocent III.  Nevertheless he ran the diocese for six years until finally Pope Honorius III officially consecrated him.  In the same year the electors of Pavia selected Fulk to be their bishop, which he accepted.  As bishop he not only offered the Divine Mysteries and exercised an effective preaching ministry, but also founded numerous charitable institutions including the feeding of the poor and free education of children.  He also persuaded the cathedral clergy of Piacenza to adopt the common life and later as bishop of Pavia promoted the reform of the monastery of  San Pietro in Ciel d’Oro.  Finally St. Fulk defended the Church’s liberty against the encrouchment of the civil authorities.

He died on December 16, 1229 and is buried in the cathedral.


St. John of Bridlington
John entered the canonry of St. Mary in Bridlington at the age of 20 after having studied in Oxford for two years and carried out with humility and diligence all the tasks that were entrusted to him, which included novice master, almsgiver, preacher and sub-prior.  Elected prior against will in 1371, the community flourished under his leadership, which was marked by his piety and administrative expertise.   He bore misfortune with tranquility and died in 1379. 

He is the last canonized saint before Henry VIII began his persecution of the Catholic Church. 

 


St. Laurentius Giustiniani
Laurentius was born in 1381 in Venice to a noble family.  His father died while he was still a boy and his mother dedicated herself to the care of her many children.  As a child Laurentius cultivated the ascetical life.  At the urging of his uncle, who was a priest, he joined the fledging community of Canons of San Giorgio of Alga, rather than embrace the wealth and privilege that would have come to a young man of his position.  Two years after his ordination, he and his community became canons regular of St. Augustine.  As a preacher and prior, he consistently focused on the virtue of humility. 

Pope Eugene IV, who a fellow canon of San Giorgio of Alga, named him bishop of Castello.  Though bishop, he maintained the disciplines of religious life and attended to the needs of the poor.  He was careful to assist the poor with what they need -- food and clothing -- rather than cash, which would be tempting to misuse.  He arrived to a ruined diocese and left it as a model of peace and good administration.  Pope Nicholas V transferred the title of Patriarchate from the city of Grado to Venice and appointed Laurentius archbishop, which he governed with moderation and good sense for the last four years of his life.  He died in 1455 in Venice. 

In addition to his legacy of sanctity, charity and humility, he left a number of books including The Chaste and Spiritual Marriage of the Word and the Soul, The Bouquet of Love and The Fire of Divine Love, all works that treated the love of God in prayer and were inspired by his canonical forebear, Richard of St. Victor, and the Devotio Moderna.


St. Peter Arbues
Born near Saragozza in Spain, he completed his studies in theology and law at the Spanish College at the University of Bologna.  Upon his return to Spain, he became a member of the regular canons of the cathedral of Saragozza, one of the many cathedral chapters of regular canons throughout Europe.  Later King Ferdinand entrusted him with the position of provincial inquisitor for the Kingdom of Aragon.  He conducted his work according the most progressive legal procedures of his time.  In this capacity, he strove to eradicate both superstitious practices and heresies.  For accepting this difficult task, he was rewarded with his martyrdom in 1485 for the hatred of the Faith while offering Matins.

 

 

 

 

 


St. Jan of Osterwijk
Jan Lenarts was born in Osterwijk in Brant.  He was given a Christian upbringing by his parents and entered the Order at the Ruggen canonry near Briel, which St. Elizabeth dedicated and which belonged to the Windesheim Congregation.  Well taught in the ways of the canons and careful in his observance, he was sent by the provost to be rector (spiritual director) of the convent of Augustinian canonesses in Gorkum, a task with which he met with great success.  As the Calvinists grew in strength and hatred against the Catholic clergy, Jan -- now advanced in years -- was caught up in the desire to died as a martyr for the faith.  As Breil was conquered by the Calvinists and they sacked and destroyed the canonry at Ruggen, they took Jan and 18 other priests and religious to the neighboring town of Gorkum where they were incarcerated, tortured and ridiculed.  Since Jan and his companions stood firm in their loyalty to the truth of the Catholic teachings regarding the Holy Eucharist and the primacy of the pope, they were all hanged in one of the few remaining buildings of Ruggen on July 9, 1572. 

 

 

St. Peter Fourier
Peter Fourier was born in Mirecourt in Lorraine and made his solemn profession as a canon regular in the abbey of Chaumousey.  After his priestly ordination he was given the care of the poor little parish of Mattaincourt where his distinguished himself through his pastoral zeal and love for God and his people.  Together with Bl. Alexia de Clerc they founded in 1597 the Congregation of the Canonesses of Our Lady, who dedicated themselves to the education and formation of girls as well as the praise of God through the sacred liturgy and Divine Office.  St. Peter proved to be a great and farsighted pedagogue.  Moreover, he reformed the communities of canons regular throughout Lorraine and founded the Congregation of the Canons Regular of Our Savior.  For political reasons he was exiled to Gray in Burgundy.  There he dedicated himself to the care of plague victims.  He died on December 9, 1640.  Like St. Vincent de Paul, he is a sign of the flowering of sanctity that occurred in France in the generation born after the reforms of the Council of Trent.
 


 

Blesseds of the Canons Regular

 


 Bl. Heldemar
Born in Germany in the 11th Century, he later served as court chaplain to William the Conquer, the Norman King of England.  He later forsook that life, deciding to become a hermit.  He and another German canon, Kuno joined a hermit Ruggerius in 1090 at his hermitage near Arras, in Artois, Flanders.  This regions was important because it was the crossroads between France and the Low countries, England and the Continent.  From this hermitage of three grew a great order of canons, the Canons Regular of Arrouaise.  As their numbers grew, the bishop of Arras, Lambert, recognized them in 1097, the same year the Heldemar was killed by another priest with a vendetta against him.  He was subsequently venerated as a martyr.
 


Bl. Lambert
This canonical saint was probably a Canon Regular of Rottenbuch.  He and others from that house founded this important canonry at Neuwerk bei Halle in Saxony around 1116.  He held the position of provost and died in 1123.
 

Bl. John of Warneton
John was bright student student with great promise.  His teachers, among whom were Lambert of Utrecht and Ivo of Chartres, encouraged him to enter the Canons Regular of Mont St. Eloi in Arras.  He entered the monastery and his talents were soon recognized by the bishop, whom asked him to serve as archdeacon of the diocese of Arras.  The bishop of a neighboring diocese was dismissed and the Holy Father insisted that John become the new bishop of Therouanne, which he did reluctantly.  With his arrival, he took his place among the strong supporter of the Gregorian reforms, including the Bishop of Arras, Lambert, and Ivo of Charters.  Moreover, he was a friend and ally of the hermitage of canons founded by Bl. Heldemar, Kuno and Ruggerius, from which the influential Canons Regular of Arrouaise arouse.  As executed the duties of his office with excellence and diligence.  For his efforts he was reward with an assassination attempt.  Yet he put his trust in God, not in men and lived out his days in holiness.  He died in 1130.

 

Bl. Erkenbert
Born around 1080 in Worms in the Holy Roman Empire, he later went onto to marry Richlindis.  At some point during their marriage they decided to separate and enter religious life.  He founded, using his own property, a canonry at in Frankenthal bei Speyer, where he entered the Order and became the first provost of the new foundation, most likely of the Canons Regular of Springiersbach.  His wife founded a nearby convent of Augustinian canonesses in Ormsheim.  He died on Christmas Eve in 1132 in the presence of his community.
 


 Bl. Rudhard

This Bavarian blessed was a canon regular belonging to the Salzburg Union.  The archbishop of Salzburg, Konrad, appointed him to be the first provost of a new canonry at Au on the Inn River in Bavaria, which the Archbishop had founded around 1122.  He died in 1150.
 

Bl. Hartmann
 Born in Passau, in Bavaria, he was educated by the canons and became a Canon Regular of St. Nikola, which St. Altmann had founded in 1067 as one of the earliest houses of regular canons in Germany.  The next major wave of refrom came under Bishop Konrad of Salzburg, who introduced the canons to other houses throughout his diocese.  He appointed Bl. Hartmann the dean of his cathedral chapter in to regularize his clergy, i.e. make them canons "regular" living under the Rule of St. Augustine in 1122.  He then went on to become the provost of the canonry in Herrenchiemsee from 1128 until 1133 where he introduced the Augustinian rule. 

His next assignment came at the request of the Margrave of Austria, St. Leopold.  The pious ruler had founded a secular canonry in 1114 and had subsequently decided to turn it over to the canons regular.  Thereupon Bl. Hartmann arrived at Stift Klosterneuburg with a contingent of canons regular from three houses and began the common live.  He served at as the first regular provost of the Stift Klosterneuburg from 1133 until 1140.   Wherever he worked, he succeeded through his virtues and prudence. 

In 1140 he became Bishop of Brixen, in South Tyrol.  Shortly after his arrival in Brixen he founded near the city a  new community of canons regular, Neu Stift ("new foundation"), and throughout his life, though he enjoyed good relations with emperor, he remained a faithful supporter of the papacy during a time of strife between the emperor and the pope. 

He died on December 23, 1164.

 

Bl. Achard
Born in England, Achard was attracted to the spiritual revival going on in France.  He went to join the Cistercians in Citeaux, but later left and entered the Canons Regular of St. Victor in Paris.  He joined the ranks of the pious scholars of the Victorines and authored treatises on the Holy Trinity and Our Lord Jesus Christ.  Achard succeeded Gilduin, one of the founders of the abbey and first abbot.  As the second abbot he inherited a flourishing abbey and school.  The latter was among the most important theological faculties in Europe at the time.  Later it, with the school of the canons of St. Genevieve and cathedral school of Notre-Dame would be the cradle of the University of Paris.  In 1161 he became the bishop of Avranches.  He wrote many spiritual treatises in which he set forth the way in which  the Christian soul might reach its highest perfection.  He died in 1171 in the abbey of La Lucerne, which he had founded.

 


Bl. Corenlius McConchailleach

Like many men of his generation, Cornelius responded to the call for reform by joining the canons regular in Ireland.  Born in 1120, he grew up during the reform campaign of St. Malachy, who vigorously promoted the canonical life and founded communities in several places.  He entered the canons at Armagh at the age of 20; Only eleven years later he chosen to be abbot. 

In 1174, just two years before he would die, Cornelius became the Archbishop of Armagh.  It came at a critical moment.  Like St. Lawrence O'Toole, Cornelius was an Irish bishop among a hierarchy of Norman bishops, who were often unable to deal constructively with the Irish clergy.  Moreover, they were often perceived as part of the Anglo-Norman occupation, rather than genuine Shepherds of the Church.  This situation led Cornelius to go on pilgrimage to Rome to plead the Irish cause to the Holy Father.  He died in Chambery in Savoy, while making the arduous journey home in 1176.

Local devotion developed quickly around this Irish canon on account of the miracles that began to occur.  St. Concord, as the Savoyards called him, soon had a flourishing confraternity named after him.  Though a patron of the Chambery region for centuries, devotion to this saint in Ireland only came about recently.

 

 


 Bl. Pontius of Sixt
Born in Savoy early in the 12th Century, he entered the canonical order at Abondance, which was joined to the canons at St. Maurice d'Agaunum.  From there he was sent to found a new community at Sixt in 1144, which was raised to the dignity of a abbey by Adrian IV in 1155.  He led a holy life and died in 1178, being well remembered centuries later.  In fact St. Francis de Sales was particularly devoted to him and asked for his intercession while he served as Bishop of Annecy. 


Bl. Theodore of Celles
Theodore's biography is unclear and disputed, owing to the destruction of earlier records in the 14th century by the community's own reformers.  It seems he was born in the important city of Liege, home to prince-bishops, numerous canonries and St. Juliana, and later went on the Third Crusade, probably as a combatant.  He became disillusioned with what he saw and left the violence behind, preferring to work with St. Dominic in the spiritual conversion of the Albigensians in southern France.  Afterwards he and four other companions decided to found a community and live according to the Rule of St. Augustine.  They professed their vows before the bishop of Liege on September 14, 1211, the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross.   Soon joined by men and women in their liturgical prayer and their apostolate of hospitality, the community grew in numbers and foundations.  After Theodore's death, they were granted recognition by Pope Innocent IV as the Canons Regular of the Holy Cross in 1248.

 

 

 

 


 Bl. Martin of Leon
Born in Leon, Spain in 1130, he suffered early the loss of his mother.  He and his father, John, withdrew from the world to the canonry of St. Marcellinus in Leon.  After the death of his father, Martin decided to undertake a major pilgrimage.  Upon returning home, he entered the community of St. Marcellinus and was later ordained priest.  However things did not work out there and he went on to endow a second canonry in the church where centuries earlier St. Isidore had been ordained and later was known as the canonry of St. Isidore.  He distinguished himself by his zealous observance, his fraternal charity and his deep devotion to the Blessed Sacrament.  He wrote many tracts, above all on the Holy Scriptures.  He died on January 12, 1203 in Leon.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 Bl. Bonifacius
He was born in Aosta in the 12th Century.  After completing his studies he entered the monastery of St. Benigno di Fruttuaria to become a Benedictine.  He decided to leave monastic life for the canonry of St. Orso whose community in 1210 would later elected him prior.  He brought great prosperity to the canonry which on account of his good work had became a favored object of lay patronage.  A man of virtue and piety, he was chosen to be bishop of Aosta in 1219.  He served for 24 years in this office, receiving generous lay support for his various charitable efforts.  Noted for his humility and administrative sense, he died a holy death in 1243.
 

 

 


Bl. Emericus
 Born sometime in the middle of the the 13th Century in Quart in Piemonte, Emericus went to university to study theology.  After his studies he embraced the eremitical life for a number of years.  Then he joined the canons regular of the canonry of St. Orso in Aosta.  A dedicated canon, he was much admired by the bishop and others in Aosta, where he later became bishop and successor to Bl. Bonifacius.  He was an excellent and careful administrator ensuring the quality of the pastoral ministry exercised in his name.  He also held an important diocesan synod and is credited with the introduction of the feast of the Immaculate Conception in his diocese at this early date.  His influence went beyond his diocese to the entire Piemonte, where he was venerated for centuries after his death in 1313.

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 


Bl. Jan van Ruysbroeck
Jan was born in Ruysbroeck in Brabant in 1293.  It seems that most important person in Jan's childhood, was not his father, about whom almost nothing known or his mother, who later became a Beguine, but his uncle, Jan Hinckaert, a wealthy and worldly canon of St. Gudula, a collegiate church in Brussels.  There Rusybroeck received his education and decided as a young man to become a priest.  He was ordained in 1317 at the age of 24 and became a curate at St. Gedula.  Ten year later, his uncle underwent a profound conversion.  He desired to dedicated himself to the pursuit of holiness.  In this he was joined by Rusybroeck and a young canon, Francis de Coundenberg.  At first they attempted to live a simple common life near St. Gedula.  It failed. 

So, he, his uncle and Franz left Brussels to found what shortly became the Congregation of the Canons Regular of Groenendaal ("Green Valley") in 1343.  The duke of Brabant, who was a friend of de Coundenberg, gave them a hermitage on the condition that they pray for his beloved deceased wife.  For 40 years Rusybroeck  lived there, serving as the prior for many of those years.  He undertook his literary activities throughout this period as well as teaching and directing many in the spiritual life.  Moreover he took great interest in the formation of novices and younger members of his flourishing community.  His renown as a mystic attracted many visitors including Gerhard Groote, the founder of the influential Devotio Moderna movement.  In his final years he received many special graces and enjoyed deep contemplative prayer.  In 1381 he died at 89 years old, spending 64 of them as a faithful priest of Jesus Christ.

Later the Groenendaal Congregation joined the Canons Regular of the Congregation of Windesheim, which was founded by some of Groote's followers.

 

To read more about this subject in Fr. Jordan Aumann's CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALITY IN THE CATHOLIC TRADITION , <click here>
 

 

 

Bl. Francesco Nanni
This son of Ser Nuto de' Nuti entered the convent of the Augustinian friars at Lecceto.  At that time a number of the members of the community desired to lead a more contemplative life.  They were led by Bl. Stefano Agazzari and supported in their wish by Pope Gregory XII.  This group, which included Bl. Filippo Agazzari, Bl. Stefano Cioni, Bl. Giovanni Salimbeni and Bl. Regolino, eventually left Lecceto to found a new monastery at Fabriano, where they embraced the canonical life.  After Bl. Francesco's death in 1409 the fledging community moved to the hermitage of Sant' Ambrogio near Gubbio.

 

Bl. Stefano Agazzari
Born in Siena in 1354, Stefano embraced the life of the Augustinian friars at 14 years of age at the friary of the Holy Savior in Lecceto.  It was there that he began his life long work as a reformer.  Being from Siena, he knew St. Catherine and drew inspiration for his own work from her.  From Pope Gregory XII he obtained permission to refound his community as canons regular.  The papal bull, Excitat nostrae mentis, dated April 9, 1408, however did not succeed in convincing the majority of the friars of the wisdom of becoming regular canons.  So after several more years of struggle, it finally became clear that the reform would not be successful.  Therefore Agazzari appealed for permission to found a new community, which the same Holy Father granted in 1414 with the bull, Fragrantia Sacrae Religionis.  Having already spent some time in Fabriano, they finally arrived in Gubbio and began the canonical life at the monastery of Sant' Ambrogio.  They joined they new reform Congregation of the Canons Regular of the Most Holy Savior in 1413.  Stefano was in many ways the spiritual father of this great congregation.  He worked hard to build up the community and gave his life to its holiness and health.  He died on October 29, 1433.

 

Bl. Andrew Bondumier
As a young student for the priesthood, Andrew was attracted to charismatic Augustinian friar Gabriel Garofoli, who was preaching a mission in Venice.   In response to the this preacher's message, Andrew decided to leave the world and became one of his first four novices, all of whom were of aristocratic family, in order to found a reformed observance of friars.  Though Garofoli remained a friar, the rest eventually founded the Canons Regular of the Holy Spirit.  In 1460 he became the Patriarch of Venice just five year after St. Laurence Giustiniani. 

 

As patriarch he undertook to reform the religious houses and clergy of his diocese.  In 1462 he promulgated new diocesan statutes, which a century later were taken up in the Synod of Treviso in 1564.  In these he prescribed weekly confession for priests, which required that pastors should inform the Patriarch of any priests failing to do so.  In addition, he mandated that pastors must reside in their parishes;  a vigil should lamp always be burning before the Blessed Sacrament; at least two candles should be used for the celebration of the Mass and the Blessed Sacrament in the Tabernacle must renewed weekly.  

 

Bl. Andrew died in 1464 and was buried in the house of canons, which he helped to found.  His sanctity was celebrated in Venice shortly after his death and he was included in a list of Venetian saints and blessed compiled at the beginning of the 17th Century, though without the recognition of the Holy See.

 

 

Bl. Stanislaus Soltys
On September 27, 1455 Stanislaus was born in Kazimierz, which today is a district of the city of Krakow, in Poland.  At a young age he entered the Corpus Christi cloister of the Canons Regular of St. John Lateran.  In his desire for perfection he presented a compelling model of success.  After his priestly ordination he carried out a variety of tasks for the community.  As preacher and confessor he strove in an outstanding way to serve his brothers.  Moreover the faithful greatly sought after his pastoral care.  Filled with charity, he helped both the poor and the sick.  However he was most renown for his deep Eucharistic piety.  He died on May 3, 1489.  His memory has last all the way up to today.  His relics remain on display in an altar in the chapel of the Corpus Christi cloister.  Pope John Paul II gave his approbation to his cult and now he is honored as a blessed of the Catholic Church.

 


Bl. Archangelus Canetoli

 Archangelus was born in 1460 into a violent world of murder and rivalry that characterized the Bologna of his day.  His own father and brothers were murdered while he was still an infant.  In 1484 he entered the Canons Regular of the Congregation of the Most Holy Savior in Bologna where he served as guest master, even welcoming those who had murdered his father and brothers.  He was ordained a priest and in 1498 moved to a more strict community of canons at Sant' Ambrogio near Gubbio.  He spent the next twelve years maturing in wisdom and holiness, which was seen by all who came into contact with him and a constant source of hope and encourage in difficult times.  One witness said of him that "His sanctity is like a light the shines always and everywhere, which is even more beautiful and profound because the shadows in which it appears." 

So as Archangelus' renown for sanctity grew, he was called up to leave his beloved Sant' Ambrogio and serve where he was needed.  Rich and poor alike besought him and his counsel.  Likewise was he powerful preacher and he even predicted the election of Leo X.  When he was offered the office of archbishop of Florence, he strongly refused -- it is the subject of the accompanying picture-- and he died in 1513, known throughout central Italy as the "Apostle of the love of neighbor."

 

 


Bl. Alanus de Solminihac
In 1593 Alanus was born into an aristocratic family in castle Belet near Perigueux in France.  While still a young man he became the abbot of Chancelade, which had been fallen into disrepair as a result of the turmoil of the times.  He was ordained priest in 1618 and consecrated abbot in 1623.  He strove with great effort and effect to reform his brothers in the Congregation of the Canons Regular of Chancelade.  In 1636 he became bishop of Cahors.  He was as a zealous shepherd of the flock with which he was entrusted.  As a bishop, he faithfully followed the decrees of the Council of Trent and sought to model himself on St. Charles Borromeo.  His reform work not only blessed his diocese but influenced other parts of France.  Moreover, he remained always faithful to the Holy See.  Misconceptions, which surrounded him, were resolved in his favor.  His convincing love of neighbor made him a brilliant light of faith in 17th Century France.  After a long and strenuous life he died on December 31, 1659.

 



You will find true and lasting joy, if, in whatever life brings, you are seeking only to do God's will.  Sadness is incompatible with such an intention, and if you are sad, this is a clear sign that you are not searching for God before all else.  If you want to be filled with constant joy, seek your happiness, not in pleasing yourself, but in pleasing God.

-- Bl. Alanus de  Solminihac
 

 

 


Martyrs of September:
Jean-Charles Marie Bernard of Cornillet, Jean-Francois Bonnel of Pradal, and Claude Ponse

During the French Revolution numerous priests were incarcerated and killed.  While some were executed, many were massacred in mob violence like that pictured on the left,  including these three canons.  The first belonged to the Canons Regular of St. Victor and lived at the abbey of St. Victor where he served as the abbey librarian; the two others were canons of the Congregation of France.  All three were murdered during the September massacres in 1792.  They had been incarcerated for refusing to take the Civil Oath by which the revolutionary government planned to turn the Catholic priesthood into an instrument of the state.


Bl. Gabriel Pergaud
Born in 1752, he entered the Congregation of France and became a priest.  He served in a variety of capacities, the last being as prior of the canonry of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Beaulieu.  When the revolutionary government attempted to force Catholic priests to take the civil oath, Pope Pius VI instructed them to refuse.  Gabriel, a man of faith and conviction, joined other priests and religious in the prisoner barges off the the Atlantic coast of France near Rochefort.  The prisoners suffered horrific living conditions.  Baking under the summer sun, they were forced to stand all day long, had almost nothing to eat and little fresh water to drink.  Moreover all prayer and religious activity was strictly forbidden and severely punished. Already weakened by this inhuman treatment and denied medical treatment by their captors, many of the captives died of contagious diseases.  Gabriel finally died under these brutal circumstances.  In 1995 Pope John Paul II beatified 63 martyrs of the prisoner barges of Rochefort. 

 


Bl. Maurice Tournay
 Maurice was born into a family of poor farmers known for their faith and love of neighbor in Orsieres in the canton of Wallis, Switzerland, on August 31, 1910.  He entered the Congregation of SS. Nicholas and Bernard of Mont Joux, founded centuries earlier by St. Bernhard and made his solemn profession at the Abbey of Mont Joux on September 7, 1935.  The next year he left for East Asia to serve in the missions.  The congregation had been entrusted with the pastoral care of the border regions between Tibet and China and the missions into Tibet.  It was there that Maurice was to both assist in the proclamation of the Gospel as well as prepare for the priesthood.  The center of the missions was the city of Weisi in China.  On April 24, 1938 Maurice traveled to Hanoi in Vietnam where he was ordained to the priesthood.  Seven years he spent there leading a small seminary.  In 1945 he became pastor of Yerkalo, the only parish in Tibet.  From the start he exposed to the hostility of the Lamas and Buddhist monks, who through lies, insults and violence finally drove him out of the parish and compelled the Tibetan Catholics to renounce their faith.  He tried to secure from the Tibetan government a policy of tolerance and undertook a journey to Lhasa for this purpose.  But the Lamas ambushed him along the way and murdered him on August 11, 1949 near Choula gorge.  He remains rest in Yerkalo.  Pope John Paul II beatified this modern martyr on May 16, 1993.

Saints of the Canonesses


St. Juliana of Liege or Mont-Cornillion
Juliana was born in 1197 in Retinne, not far from Liege.  Orphaned at the age of 15, she was given to the care of the sisters of the convent of Mont-Cornillion.  These sisters led the common life without taking vows and tended to the sick in their hospital, especially those suffering from leprosy.  Juliana joined the community.  It was then that she developed a deep devotion to the Blessed Sacrament and was honored with many supernatural gifts.  These included a recurring vision of a black band cutting across a bright moon.  Later it was revealed to her that this was a metaphor for a flaw in the liturgical cycle: there was no feast dedicated to the Blessed Sacrament. 

When she was elected prioress around 1225, she led her community to embrace the full common life as Augustinian  canonesses.  This decision brought her many trials and she faced frequent opposition to her rule.  As for her vision, she was finally in a position to act.  She disclosed the vision to several friends and decided to promote the idea of a new Eucharistic feast.  In this endeavor, she found an ally in John of Lausanne, an Augustinian canon, who was given the task of evaluating the theological merit of such a feast.  It was through him that James Pantaleon, archdeacon of Liege, later Pope Urban IV, learned of this idea.  Meanwhile Juliana's enemies conspired against her, accusing her of embezzling funds from the hospital to support her plan for a new feast.  As a result of this and the opposition that her reforms caused she was forced to flee the monastery.  Thereupon Bishop Robert of Liege intervened, reinstating her and introducing the new feast in 1246.  Her victory was short lived.  When Bishop Robert died later that same year, she was again forced to flee and the popular new feast was suppressed.  She lived her remaining years in exile at Namur and Fosses, where she died on April 5, 1258, separated from her community and apparently unsuccessful in her mission.

However, Juliana did not fail.  Rather her mission was completed according to the mysterious workings of Providence.   In 1261 some of her friends, including St. Eva of Liege, went to visit the new pope, the former archdeacon of Liege, James Pantaleon, on the behalf of the new feast day.  Urban IV recalled Juliana and was likewise impressed with the recent Eucharistic miracles in Bolsena.  So in 1264 Urban IV decided to promulgate the new feast for the entire Church; thus was born the feast of Corpus Christi.

 
St. Catalina Thomas
Born at Valdemuzza on the Mediterranean island of Majorca on May 1, 1531, she grew up in unhappy circumstances in his paternal uncle's household.  She entered into serve at the convent of St. Mary Magdalen of the Augustinian canonesses in Palma and eventually joined the community.  It was not long before her sanctity became evident.  She was a shining example to her fellow sisters, especially with respect to her humility.  As a a mystic, she experienced many unusual phenomena, some consoling, some terrifying.  Yet she did triumphed over many interior struggles and continued to execute the duties of her station in life.  He entire life was consecrated to prayer, work and mortification.  She died a holy death on April 5, 1574.  
 

 

Blesseds of the Canonesses


 Bl. Alexia Le Clerc
Born at Remiremont in Lorraine on February 2, 1576, as a young woman she embraced her call from God to found a new religious community.  She was a mystic and received inspiration for her mission in the form of dreams and visions.  In one such dream she heard Our Lady say "Take this child and make Him grow."  Educating children thereby became a way of serving Christ Himself.

She was likewise encouraged in her mission by reforming canon regular, St. Peter Fourier, with whom she became acquainted at the age of 19.  She worked in accord with God's plan and thereupon attracted other women who likewise sought the common life of canonesses.  Therefore, on Christmas night 1597 in the parish church of Mattaincourt, where St. Peter Fourier was pastor, Bl. Alixia and five other women consecrated themselves to Our Lady, thereupon founding the the Congregation of Our Lady, the Canonesses of St. Augustine. 

From these humble beginning the new congregation spread throughout France.  As their numbers grew, numerous new convents and schools were established.  No only did the Bl. Alixia work tirelessly to build up this teaching congregation, she also visited the poor and sick.  As a faithful servant she went to the Lord on January 9, 1622 when she died at Nancy, leaving behind on earth a wonderful legacy of holiness and religious life that continues to this day in various daughter congregations.
 



What means are there then of living in peace in the midst of so much warfare...and the most dangerous is against ourselves, for we are by nature so full of self-love that we are troubled and plunged into darkness! So it is in you, O my God and my Strength, that I shall surely find what I am seeking. If there is any good in this world, it is the peaceable man who possesses it, since the Kingdom of God is joy and peace in the Holy Spirit (cf. Rm. 14:17). The souls without interior peace is like a ship driven by winds and tempests, always in danger; it can profit neither for itself nor for others, for it pays so much attention to thinking about itself, that its very unhappiness arise from this. To find the remedy, we must remember that Our Lord said: "If anyone would come after me, let him deny his very self, take up his cross and follow me (Mk. 8:34) .

-- Bl. Alix de Clerc
 

 


 Bl. Marie Catherine of St. Augustine
This holy canoness is called one of the founders of the Catholic Church in Canada.  Born Catherine de Longpre in France on May 3, 1632, she was baptized on the day of her birth due to her poor health.  From the age of two until she was twelve she was raised by her grandparents.  They were a holy couple by all accounts.  Her grandfather, Jean Jourdan, was her godfather and cultivated her desire for holiness.  Her grandmother, Renee Jourdan, taught Catherine to love the poor and the sick.  When Catherine's sister Francoise followed her call to the Hospital Canonesses of the Mercy of Jesus, Catherine persuaded her parents to let her go as well even though she was still just twelve and a half!  Later their grandmother Renee, after the death of Jean, joined her granddaughters in religious life. 

She was received into the Order of Hospital Canonesses of the Mercy of Jesus in 1646.  Shortly thereafter in 1648 Sister Marie Catherine voyaged to Quebec to assist the Canonesses in their foundation in New France.  Her father opposed this until he read the accounts of St. Isaac Jouges and his companions, the North American martyrs.  He relented, understanding his daughter's desire to spread the Gospel to a place where it was so evidently absent.  Bl. Catherine desired to bring mercy through the Gospel and mercy though love of neighbor to the New World.  Her community, The Hospital Canonesses, had established the first hospital north of Mexico.  Their legacy of health care continues to this day through the array of hospitals they and other congregations of sisters founded all over Canada and the United States. 

Arriving in Quebec on August 19, 1648, this 16 year inspired many through her sacrifices, ardent faith and generous love of neighbor.  She offers all her service for the love of her divine spouse and devoted herself tirelessly to the care of the sick.  Her example was a profound source of consolation for all who knew her.  As she lived, so she died on May 8, 1668 in Quebec at the age of 36.  This amazing woman and her sisters are rightly considered co-founders of the Church in Canada.

 


. 
Bl. Marie Lhuilier
Marie, a devoted lay sister of the Hospital Canonesses of the Mercy of Jesus, was renown for her virtue and zeal for religious life.  She was particularly tender in her care for the sick.  She endured great hardship as a child, being left an orphan at a young age.  Yet she found joy and love in serving God and the sick.  Her hidden sanctity was known only to her fellow canonesses and those whom she served.  However this did not remain so because of the French Revolution.  The revolutionary government at first had moved cautiously against the Church, bidding its time, slowly subverting the Catholic faith and Her children.  When the time was right, violence succeeded the earlier phases of legal persecution and intimidation.  In Laval, where Marie lived, the revolutionary tribunal executed many Catholics including those honored as the Martyrs of Laval (14 priests martyred on January 21, 1794 pictured on the right).  Their deaths were not enough. The violence continued and more died.  For her part, Marie refused to be coerced by the revolutionaries.  Her defiance eventually came to their attention.  Her crime was her refusal to surrender her habit.  They imprisoned her, expecting her to break.  She did not.  Rather she heroically followed the example of the earlier martyrs, remaining steadfast in her fidelity to God and His Church.  Her witness, like that of the first virgin martyrs persecuted and executed by the Roman Empire, proved to be so dangerous to the powers and principalities of her age time that they beheaded her on June 22, 1794.   She was beatified in 1958 with her fellow martyrs of Laval, a group consisting of lay people, religious and priests.


 

Saints associated with the Canons


St. Monica
Monica was born in 331 in Tagaste to a Christian family.  Still as a young girl she married Patricius.  Her son, Augustine, caused her great suffering for she longed for his conversion.  She shed innumerable tears and prayed intensely that her son would know her Savior.  She was an example of a true Christian, who deepened her faith through frequent prayer and never gave up on her son or on God.  Moreover she was a model of forgiveness, who did not allow the shabby treatment she received at the hands of her son to poison her love for him.  Her trials ended in joy.  She died happy in Ostia, outside of Rome, knowing that her son had come to faith in Christ and was baptized. 

 

St. Leopold of Austria

To go to a biography  <click here>


St. David of Scotland

This exemplary king of Scotland, like his contemporary, St. Leopold of Austria, combined a holiness of life with a wise and balanced reign.  He was zealous in his personal affairs: faithful to his wife Matilda; close friends with St. Aelred of Rievault; and following the example of his mother, St. Margaret of Scotland, he sometimes said the divine office, frequented the Mass and confession and gave alms generously. 

Already an English earl as the prince of Cumbria through his marriage to Matilda, the daughter of the earl of Northampton and Huntingdon, he acceded to the throne of Scotland in 1124.  He tried and mostly succeeded in his desire to rule justly.  He brought order to his kingdom through the establishment of a feudal system of land tenure and a judicial system; promoted the development of towns and mostly reigned in peace with his neighbors to the south in England. 

A devoted son of the Church, he favored the reform of the Church in Scotland to bring it into closer contact with the papacy.  He founded five new dioceses and patronized numerous monasteries and churches.  In addition to his close ties with Cistercians, he supported the introduction of the canonical life at the cathedral of St. Andrew's at East Fife and founded the Holy Rood canonry besides the royal residence in Edinburgh (canons regular in Scotland).

Not without his blemishes, he nonetheless was one of the best kings of Scotland.  After his death on May 24, 1154 he was buried at the Benedictine abbey of Dunfermline, which his mother had founded.  He cult remained vibrant until the Protestant Reformation and his political and religious achievements left bequeathed Scotland many blessings.

 


St. Bona
Born in Pisa around 1156, this mystic received many special graces, i.e. visions, gift of reading hearts, etc., from a young age.  As a result, she chose to enclose herself in the church of St. Martin to live the common life with the canons as "devota et soror," i.e. a servant.  She practiced love of neighbor and took a pilgrimage to Jerusalem as well as often going to Rome, to the sanctuary of St. Michael on Monte Gargano and nine times to Santiago de Compostela.  Blessed John XXIII named her patroness of hostesses for Italy.  She died in Pisa on May 29, 1207 and is still venerated in the church of St. Martin

 


Bl. Marie d'Oignies
Born in 1177 in Nivelles in Brabant, Belgium to a prosperous family, she perceived even as a child the insecurity that comes from  an excessive faith in wealth and position.  She led an ordinary life for the first fourteen years of her marriage, but she was living in dramatic times.  The region in which she lived, in and around Liege, was undergoing vast social changes that gave rise to the concomitant opportunities and problems.  It was also a spiritually vibrant area which produced many saints, e.g. St. Juliana, and spiritual movements.  Marie was part of that tradition.

As a married woman, she had come to the decision to lead the apostolic life.  She persuaded her husband to lead a religious life in their marriage, living as brother and sister instead of husband and wife.  Together they cared for the sick at the leper colony in Williambroux, outside of Nivelles.  She became a well known ascetic, living only on dry bread and water, and a mystic, who had visions and other spiritual gifts.  In her prayer she devoutly contemplated the Blessed Sacrament and the Passion of Our Lord.  She attracted other women who wished to join her in her apostolic life. 

She and her husband decided to relocate to Oignies near Namur in Belgium to be near a new priory of canons regular.  There, she and her companions lived the common life, sharing praying and work together, under the spiritual direction of the canons.  She became an oblate of the priory and James of Vitry, who wrote her biography, became a great supporter of the Beguines in Rome when he later when onto to serve in the Curia as bishop and cardinal.  A second  community was founded back in Williambroux and from these two came the Beguines.  She died on June 13, 1216.
 
 


St. Agnes of Prague
Descendant of St. Wenceslaus, daughter of the King of Bohemia and first cousin of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, Agnes founded the first Poor Clare monastery north of the Alps.  Though her family planned for her to marry, she discerned a different call.  Through her tenacity and Providence she was able to embrace her call as a Poor Clare in 1236.  She became abbess in 1244 and was an example to numerous European aristocrats, many of whom endowed Poor Clare monasteries.  Agnes was also a great patron of the Red Star Crucifiers, a confraternity founded to support pilgrims to the Holy Land and give care to the sick and poor.  With their expulsion from Holy Lands, they settled in Prague and became in 1237 according to a Bull of Pope Gregory IX a new community of canons regular.  St. Agnes supported these fledging canons with the gift of the church of St. Peter in 1233.  Following the official erection as canons, she gave them the hospice of St. Francis and the complex of building surrounding it.  When it became too small she had a new residence built for them near the Charles Bridge.